The study on the graduate students’ comprehensive quality evaluation system based on the “Five Educations in Parallel” concept aims to construct a comprehensive, scientific, and operational evaluation mechanism to enhance the quality of graduate education. This paper first analyzes the deficiencies in the current comprehensive quality evaluation system for graduate students in higher education institutions, pointing out that the existing evaluation system overly emphasizes academic performance, neglecting the balanced development of moral, physical, aesthetic, and labor education. This imbalance reduces students’ enthusiasm for participating in extracurricular and social activities. In response, this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation system based on the five dimensions of moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and labor education, employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to construct the corresponding hierarchical model. The study combines qualitative and quantitative methods to scientifically determine the weights of each dimension, thereby creating a suitable comprehensive quality evaluation system for graduate students. The findings indicate that this system significantly contributes to implementing the “Five Educations in Parallel” educational policy and cultivating high-quality talents that meet the requirements of the new era. It effectively promotes the comprehensive development philosophy in graduate education, ensuring students' balanced growth in all five areas. Ultimately, this paper provides new evaluation standards and references for graduate education in higher education institutions through empirical research and theoretical analysis.